Cadastral Mapping in Perú:

evolution and bifurcation of rights to land in rural Perú

Timothy Norris - Data Curation Fellow - tnorris@miami.edu
University of Miami - Library - Center for Computational Science

LASA - The Histories of Cartography and Cartographies of History in Perú
Pontifícia Universidad Católica del Perú, Lima - April 30 2017

follow along at: http://tibbben.github.io/lasa2017/

Cadastral Mapping

"Tool of Statecraft" as far back as Rome Divide conquered land Reclaim appropriated state lands State revenue (taxes) late 16th and 17th C rise of capitalis social relations Survey (governance)

Estate map late 13th or 14th C onwards Profit precision, permenence, governance and management of natural resources describe/plot boundaries resolve/avoid disputes Tenants, landlords, and between landlords Legal security

Kain, R. J. P., & Baigent, E. (1992). The Cadastral Map in the Service of the State: A History of Property Mapping. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Palomino, Diego (1549). Traça de la conquista del capitán Diego Palomino: [Provincia de Chuquimayo] [parte del mapa que acompañaba a la Relación geográfica de Chuquimayo]

Cadastral Maps in Peru?

1959 "Derechos a las Tierras en los Andes" (Murra 2004, p 295)

• subsistence, ethnic community, state, Inca [ simplified ]
  
• records of labor and production kept on khipus
  focus on livestock and coca in the Andes
• local rights to productive land, water, and pasture
  - hereditary and negotiated every year in communities

"Overwhelmingly, Peru's landscapes were portrayed and contested through the production of written texts rather than of maps."
(Scott 2009, p 9) [ referring to post-conquest ]

Murra, J. V. (2004 [2002]). El Mundo Andino: Población, medio ambiente y economía. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos / Pontifícia Universidad Católica del Perú.
Scott, H. V. (2009). Contested Territory: Mapping Peru in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press.

Catastro + Registro = More than maps -> Property

• objective norms and laws
• subjective norms and laws
• state infraestructure
  (registro más catastro)
• maps exist in context
  (social, political, and economic)

Ramos Villegas, B. Y., & Vásquez Terrones, J. C. (2010). Análisis a la Unificación al Registro Inmobilario. Egresados, 2.
Apel, K. (1996). De la Hacienda a la Comunidad: la Sierra de Piura 1934-1990. Lima: Instituto de Estuidios Peruanos.
Matos Mar, J. (Ed.) (1970). Hacienda, la Comunidad y el Campesino en el Peru. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.

Property as rights to what??

ag. productive land (communities, individuals, corporate) mineral and hydrocarbon resourses conservation and protected areas cultural and archeological sites state owned: roads, and so on commercial property viviendas

MINAGRI MINEM - INGEMETT MINAM - SERNANP MINCU MVCS - SBN SUNARP COFOPRI

rural urban

All have different processes, procedures, and systems to manage geospatial data

Outline

• Context: the Cordillera Huayhuash
• A brief history of property mapping in Peru
• Current situation
• Reflections

Norris, T. (2014). Bridging the Great Divide: state, civil society, and 'participatory' conservation mapping in a resource extraction zone. Applied Geography, 54(2014), 262-274.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.05.016

Norris, T. (2014). Bridging the Great Divide: state, civil society, and 'participatory' conservation mapping in a resource extraction zone. Applied Geography, 54(2014), 262-274.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.05.016

Norris, T. (2014). Bridging the Great Divide: state, civil society, and 'participatory' conservation mapping in a resource extraction zone. Applied Geography, 54(2014), 262-274.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.05.016

Norris, T. B. (2016). Shared Social License: Mining and Conservation in the Peruvian Andes. Antipode, 49(3).
doi:10.1111/anti.12300.

Comparativo de comunidades campesinas segun COFOPRI, CENAGRO y Direcciones Regionales Agrarias

	comunidades campesinas tituladas		comunidades campesinas identificadas
	COFOPRI	Dirección Regional Agraria	CENAGRO 2012
Amazonas	52	52	65
Ancash	331	323	358
Apurimac	432	No contestó	509
Arequipa	95	No contestó	91
Ayacucho	477	480	581
Cajamarca	82	83	119
Cusco	796	No contestó	998
Huancavelica	518	520	623
Huanuco	205	243	216
lea	4	No contestó	15
Junin	357	370	400
La libertad	112	112	101
l.ambayeque	17	No contestó	27
Lima	229	No contestó	317
Loreto	41	41	64
Moquegua	72	71	76
Pasco	65	No contestó	114
Piura	125	No contestó	114
Puno	1056	1105	1439
San Martin	1	No contestó	2
Tacna	43	No contestó	48
TOTAL	5110	3400	6277

Defensoría Del Pueblo (2014). Informe No 002-2014-DP/AMASPPI-PPI: Analisis de la Política Pública Sobre Reconocimiento y Titulacion de las Comunidades Campesinas y Nativas. Lima.

The COFOPRI Online Cadaster

• http://cvc.cofopri.gob.pe/(S(ffuibv45gwc13r45z2mefsiv))/webhome.aspx
• part of broader movement to web map applications in all the ministries
• ArcGIS for Server + Apache Flex?? on a Microsoft Server??
• only functions on old versions of internet explorer
• not at all user friendly

INGEMETT: GeoCatMin - Online Mining Cadaster

• http://geocatmin.ingemmet.gob.pe/geocatmin/index.html
• appeared in 2008, along with MINAM and others
• ArcGIS for Server + Apache Flex on a Microsoft Server
• works with any browser, relatively user friendly

An integrated cadaster?

http://www.sncp.gob.pe/

~ 61% of comunidades campesinas
~ 93% of comunidades nativas

are not georeferenced (DP 2014)

}

Defensoría Del Pueblo (2014). Informe No 002-2014-DP/AMASPPI-PPI: Analisis de la Política Pública Sobre Reconocimiento y Titulacion de las Comunidades Campesinas y Nativas. Lima.

Reflections

• Tension between common and private property
  • alienabiity
  • access to credit
  • as forms of property
• Tension in two-tiered system (urban)
  • registro de Propiedad Inmueble
  • registro Predial Urbano
• property markets and the need to "alienate"
  • not always positive economic growth in urban area
  • fluid urban property markets *but* rural disposession of communal lands

Fernando Cruz, G. (1994). La obligación de enajenar y el sistema de transferencia de la propiedad inmueble en el Perú. Themis - Revista de Derecho (30).
Ramos Villegas, B. Y., & Vásquez Terrones, J. C. (2010). Análisis a la Unificación al Registro Inmobilario. Egresados, 2.

Rural and Urban
reflections

• As consolidation of labor (urban) and resources (rural)
  
  "It is significant, for example, that the common image of the country is now an image of the past, and the common image of the city an image of the future." (Williams 1973, p 297)
  
  
• Role of cadastral system in the articulation of rural and urban as national policy?

Williams, R. (1973). The Country and the City. New York: Oxford University Press.

an onwards ...

• formal but not legal
  • SICNA
    http://www.ibcperu.org/servicios/sicna/
  • LandMark
    http://www.landmarkmap.org/
• much work to be done
  
  

Registered in Barranca, Lima with Huayllapa’s Title

Registered in Huaraz, Ancash with Pacllon’s Title

spot the difference

thanks!
tnorris@miami.edu

Property

originates from from natural right, labor, disposession, and posession (Smith, Locke, Marx, Proudhon) from common to private (Ostrom, Rose, Freyfogle) social relations, not things (Marx, Macpherson)

bundle of sticks: posess, use, transport, sell, donate, exclude, devise priviledges and powers (and claims and immunities) (Hohfeld) dimensions: theory, field, stringency, time (Underkuffler)

Macpherson C.B. (1978). Property: Mainstream and Critical Positions. Toronto, Toronto University Press.
Rose, Carol M. (1994). Property & Persuasion. Boulder, Westview Press.
Underkuffler, Laura (2003). The Idea of Property. New York, Oxford University Press.
Freyfogle, Eric (2007). On Private Property. Boston, Beacon Press.